プログラム

Speakers：Takaaki Akaike（Tohoku University）、Naoki Hasegawa（Keio University）、Motoyuki Sugai（National Institute for Infectious Diseases）、Koichi Makimura（Teikyo University）、Ken Kikuchi（Tokyo Women's Medical University）

Overview：

Speakers：Yusuke Minato (Fujita Health University), Hidetada Hirakawa (Gunma University), Masatoshi Miyakoshi (University of Tsukuba), Tomoe Kitao (Gifu University), Masato Suzuki (National Institute of Infectious Diseases)

Panelists：Yusuke Minato (Fujita Health University), Hidetada Hirakawa (Gunma University), Masatoshi Miyakoshi (University of Tsukuba), Tomoe Kitao (Gifu University), Masato Suzuki (National Institute of Infectious Diseases),Takaya Segawa（University of Minnesota)

Video message：E. Peter Greenberg (University of Washington, Professor), Gary M. Dunny (University of Minnesota, Professor), Jorg Vogel (University of Wurzburg, Professor), Maria Hadjifrangiskou (Vanderbilt University, Associate Professor), Elizabeth M. Adamowicz (University of Minnesota, Postdoc)

Overview：
International research experience provides valuable opportunities for early-stage researchers to develop their scientific and technical skills. However, the experience varies widely between individuals based on factors including your background, your expectation, your location, your institution, and your mentor. In this symposium, panelists who had successfully completed their international postdoctoral training will share his/her experiences. We will also hear various postdoc mentoring experiences and philosophies from American principal investigators. A Japanese researcher who is currently working as postdocs outside Japan will talk about the most updated research environments. Finally, we will discuss strategies to find out the international postdoc job that fits your needs and to value the most your time there for your future. We believe this symposium will be valuable for graduate students and postdocs who plan to explore international postdoc options.

Speakers：Manabu Ato (National Institute of Infectious Diseases), Yasuhiko Matsumoto (Meiji Pharmaceutical University), Nozomu Obana (University of Tsukuba), Mistuharu Matsumoto (Kyodo Milk Industory Co., Ltd. )

Overview：
COVID-19 infeciton has drastically hit civilians and civil society. Research activities in the universities and the research institutes have been severely damanged because of closure of facilities or less available funds. Even before COVID-19, postdoctoral researchers know what it’s like to be in career limbo, spending years on a succession of short-term contracts. (Nature, 585:160. (2020). Now COVID-19 threaten to turn over the career paths available to these young scientists. In this session, panelists who "survived" researchers, in different research environment and carrier, will talk on how to select the project that ought to be suitable to each resurch embironment. they will introduce research positions for jouneiro scientsists in the point of view that desirble carriers and preparations for the applicants.This session encourages attendee to do mutual and active discussion on these issues with the panelists.

Speakers：Eiji Tamai (Matsuyama Univ.), Takuya Ishida (JAXA), Ryo Ozuru (Tottori Univ.), Shohei Wakao (Tohoku Univ.), Tadayuki Iwase (The Jikei University School of Medicine), Makoto Mitsunaga (The Jikei University School of Medicine), Jumpei Uchiyama (Azabu Univ.), Naoyuki Miyazaki (Tsukuba Univ.)

Overview：
As it is becoming more difficult for new science and scientific methods to appear from just one research area, scientists like us are in an era where they are required to integrate more into other academic fields. In recent years, Nanotechnology and analytical techniques have made significant developments in producing high level results. However, in order to conduct advanced analysis that uses the most up-to-date machinery and expertise, you need a particular skill set and familiarity. This sets the bar high for scientists due to the high cost of acquiring such tools and advanced prowess necessary to succeed. Furthermore, the mutual approach of bacteriology with other fields may lead to new breakthroughs and discoveries that may benefit both areas. This symposium will be conducted by two researchers. One will introduce an interdisciplinary outlook on bacteriology, while the other will introduce an interdisciplinary collaborative research example. Finally, tips on how to conduct interdisciplinary joint research will be discussed. Hopefully, through attending this symposium members of the Japanese Society for Bacteriology can gain an understanding in collaborative research like this and feel closer to joint research and build motivation for similar projects in the future.

Speakers：Yuki Sato (Sappro Medical University), Kotaro Aoki (Toho University), Mao Kinoshita (Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine), Masamitsu Kono (Wakayama Medical University)

Overview：
The recent outbreak of emerging infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the global problem of drug-resistant bacteria, and the increase in the number and severity of patients with various infectious diseases, which is a concern in our aging society, have led to an increase in the quality of countermeasures against infectious diseases in the international community, including Japan, with a focus on the clinical aspects. A sophisticated and rapid approach is required. In this context, clinical bacteriological research plays an extremely important role in the discovery of scientific knowledge for the prevention and treatment of various bacterial infections, and further promotion and development of basic bacteriological research and fusion research of both fields are important. In this symposium, we will discuss the role of the Japanese Society for Bacteriology in promoting the framework of integrative bacteriological research, such as clinical settings, clinical bacteriological research,and basic bacteriological researche, and how the results can be returned to our society.

Speakers：Tadashi Shimamoto (Hiroshima University), Hiroki Nikawa (Hiroshima University), Kouhei Nagatoshi (Eco Friendly Institute Ltd.), Shinji Fukuda (Keio University), Masayuki Inui (Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth)

Overview：
By industrializing the research achievement conducted by researchers, it is possible to contribute to society and also to return the research expenses from joint research expenses and patent fee income. However, the current situation is that there are major hurdles when it comes to actually industrializing research seeds. At this symposium, five panelists, including the organizers, will introduce their own research, the background of their thoughts on industrialization, joint research with companies, etc., and we would like to deepen the discussion on the industrialization of research. We hope that this symposium will be an opportunity for members of the Japanese Society for Bacteriology (especially young researchers) to feel closer to the industrialization of research and joint research with companies, and to develop research seeds.

Speakers：Takeshi Yokoyama (Tohoku University), Makoto Nakakido (University of Tokyo), Hitomi Sawai (University of Hyogo), Yoshiaki Furukawa (Keio University), Chihiro Aikawa (Kyoto University)

Overview：
An organism can be regarded as a device, which is composed of huge numbers of molecules. Concerted functions of those molecules are known to regulate various physiological phenomena in a biont; in that sense, roles of metals in life have been investigated in a molecular level as well as a cellular level. More specifically, biological inorganic chemistry deals with functions of metal elements in vivo in a atomic/molecular level, while cellular regulation of biometals such as absorption and transport has been investigated in cell biology of metals. Each research field appears to become fully matured; however, an important connection still remains unknown from a metal ion to a molecule to a cell to an organism. Therefore, we will try to establish “Biometal Science” by integrating all research fields related to bio-metals and will decipher tactics of how life utilize bio-metals.

Speakers：Hitomi MIMURO (Osaka University), Ichiro IMANISHI (Kitasato University), Tomomi KUWAHARA (Kagawa University), Yoshitoshi OGURA (Kurume University), Toshio KODAMA (Nagasaki University), Yukako FUJINAGA (Kanazawa University)

Overview：
Previous pathogenic bacteriology focused on pathogenic bacteria as "microorganisms that are hostile to humans" and how pathogenic bacteria cause diseases. However, pathogenic bacteria are also living organisms, seeking a favorable environment for self-division and proliferation, and being engaged in life phenomena. In the interaction with the host and other microorganisms, what was acquired as a strategy for the pathogenic bacteria themselves to survive may have happened to be pathogenic to humans. In this session, we would like to deepen our understanding of pathogenic bacteria's ecological research based on host adaptation and pathogenicity from the perspective of pathogenic bacteria.

Speakers：Tomoyasu Nishizawa (Ibaraki Univ), Syun-ichi Urayama (University of Tsukuba), Shogo Takatsuka (National Institute of Infectious Diseases), Azusa Takahashi-Nakaguchi (Chiba University), Koichi Tanabe (Ryukoku University)

Overview：
In the nature or in a host, each fungus shares a survival space with host cells and/or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The fungal traits influenced by them are beginning to be unraveled. In this session, we will have five presentations focused on the interplay between fungi and surroundings and would like to discuss the real figure of fungi and further researches, for example, development of novel antifungals.

Speakers：Tomoe Kitao (Gifu University), Kentaro Tsukamoto (Fujita Health University School of Medicine), Sho Yamasaki (Osaka University), Hitoshi Tsugawa (Keio University School of Medicine), Hirotaka Hiyoshi (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University), Tsuyoshi Miki (Kitasato University)

Overview：
The immune system readily recognizes and eliminates bacterial pathogens which can invade our body by various routes. However, some bacteria can evade or even manipulate the host immune system by using their virulence factors, which results in leading to various illnesses. Such interaction between bacterial pathogens and the host immune system upon infection is a biological issue that is interesting as well as fairly complicated to analyze. Each combination of bacterial species and host cell-types shows a distinctive profile of the interaction. Genetical backgrounds or conditions of hosts may alter the immune response to pathogens. In this symposium, six speakers will present us the examples of the host-bacteria interaction observed in their studies. They are going to share their recent results with us for understanding how our immune system combats bacterial pathogens and how bacteria evade the host immune system to establish infection. Hopefully, discussions in the session will help us to find the future direction of research on the subject.

Speakers：Nobuhiko Nomura (University of Tsukuba), Hidenobu Senpuku (National Institute of Infectious Diseases), Nobuhiro Takahashi (Tohoku University), Norio Takeshita (University of Tsukuba), Satoshi WAKAI (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC))

Overview：
Bacteria produces sticky environmental conditions and adheres, aggregates with other bacteria and forms biofilms in bacterial complex. Bacteria usually form a microbiome in the environment or living body. Bacterial complex have various properties from single species, and as a group, they behave biological activities under the advantages of multicellular organisms. Many of bacterial complex induce serious problems such as corrosion and intractable infections in each aspect of agriculture, industry, and medicine. The difficulty of bacterial complex in clarifying the biological significance of bacterial populations and overcoming is related with experimental problems to observe the bacteria in the population and to analyze their individual roles. However, due to the recent development in the technology for observing microbiome, the increase in resolution, and the innovation for separating and analyzing individual bacteria, the accumulation of new knowledge in this area is remarkable in combination with the molecular biology of bacteria. At this symposium, five investigators at the forefront of cell to cell communication and biofilm formation will present serious problems in microbial complex and introduce the latest topics on biofilm research in various areas.

Speakers：Kohei Ogura (Kanazawa University), Wataru Hashimoto (Kyoto University), Tomoko Sumitomo (Osaka University), Yoshitoyo Kodama (Iwate Medical University), Katsutoshi Hori (Nagoya University), Nozomu Matsunaga (Okayama University of Science)

Overview：
Bacteria are required to “adhere” to host tissue and cell when infects the host. Various adhesion factors were found in many bacteria. These adhesion factors recognize extracellular matrix (ECM), including glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and fibronectin. Recently, it is remarked that the adhesion factors are not only adhesive to the host but also involved in the formation of biofilm and invading host cytosol. ECM initiates crucial biochemical cues that are required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, and homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The detailed functional analyses of the adhesion factors recognizing ECM contribute to the elucidation of host-bacteria relationship and prevention and/or therapy of bacterial infectious disease. We hope that this meeting provides the discussions of strategies against bacterial infections from the viewpoint of the novel function of adhesion factors and the interaction between ECM and adhesion factors.

Speakers：Hirohi Ashida (Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Masahiro Yamamoto (Osaka University), Michinaga Ogawa (National institute of Infectious Diseases), Takaaki Shimohata (Tokushima University), Eiji Morita (Hirosaki University), Takashi Nozawa (Kyoto University)

Overview：
Specifc type of pathogens can enter host cells to evade the host immune barrier. In the host cells, the intruders cleverly evade host cells' elimination mechanisms, such as lysosomal degradation and cell death of infected cells, to gain a niche for survival and proliferation, and eventually the infection is established by transmitting to other individuals. On the other hand, recent studies have revealed that host cells employ a large number of intracellular sensors to monitor each step of infection, including pathogens' attachment, invasion, intracellular paralysis, endosomal membrane destruction, intracellular proliferation, and re-infection into neighboring cells. In this symposium, we will focus on how the host cells' intracellular sensors detect intracellular pathogens and operate exclusion system against these unwelcome invaders, including cell death, inflammatory responses, autophagy, and disruption of parasitophorous vacuoles, and we will present the current findings from both pathogen and host perspectives.

Speakers：Jonas Korlach (Pacificbiosciences of California), Richcard J. Roberts (New England Biolabs), Michael P. Jennings (Griffith University), Ichizo Kobayashi (Hosei University), Masaki Fukuyo (Chiba University), Satoshi Hiraoka (JAMSTEC)

Overview：
Single-molecule real-time sequencing is revealing the magnificent landscape of bacterial methylomes. Sequence-specific DNA methyltransferases form a hierarchical network for gene expression regulation and their frequent changes in sequence specificity re-model the network and the methylome for adaptation. The DNA methyltransferases (and their sequence recognition domains) move all over the bacterial kingdom and form epigenetic connections between its members. Metaepigenome analysis will reveal this hidden relationship and also visualize Darwinian/Lamarckian evolution through selection from diverse epigenomes within a species.

Speakers：Kiyoshi TAKEDA (Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine), Takashi ASAHARA (Yakult Central Institute), Saeko NAKAJIMA (Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine), Kazuhiro OGAI (Kanazawa University Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences), Takane Katayama (Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies)

Overview：
Microbiome study used by metagenomics analysis has started for two decades, and a part of the mysterious relationship between the indigenous microbiome and the host is being revealed. For example, it has been suggested that there is a relationship between changes in the composition of indigenous bacterial flora (dysbiosis) and the risk of developing bacterial alternation, autoimmune diseases, lifestyle-related diseases, etc., and the mechanism for the relationship has been clarified in some diseases. On the other hand, microbiome study, which is for prevention of the onset of these diseases and promotion of health, and synbiotics study, which is for the role of nutritional components taken up by the bacteria, are being actively promoted. More recently, a new research has been launched to explore the relationship between the microbiome and health disorders in the elderly. In this symposium, speakers who are advancing microbiome research in view of the above points, will present their latest research results and future prospects. From their presentation, we wish to clarify the what and how bacteriologists studying microbiome should challenge in future.

Speakers：Chikara Kaito (Okayama University), Chikara Furusawa (RIKEN), Akiko Kashiwagi (Hirosaki University), Norikazu Ichihashi (The University of Tokyo)

Overview：
We do not understand the molecular mechanism how microorganisms acquire specific biological functions and evolve as new species. To understand the evolutionary mechanism, the experimental evolution has been performed in various species. In this symposium, experts present new findings on the experimental evolution of bacteria, virus, and biological molecules, and discuss the evolution of microorganism.

Speakers：Kunihiko Nishino (Osaka University, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Yasunori Shintani (National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center ), Keiko Sato (Nagasaki University,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences), Takeshi Yokoyama (Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research), Takeshi Murata (Chiba University, Graduate School of Science)

Overview：
As the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is becoming a serious problem worldwide, hopes for new antimicrobial drugs are increasing. The development of antibacterial drugs is one of the most challenging tasks for pharmaceutical companies to tackle due to their low profitability. However, from another perspective, there is an intense demand for academia to play a leading role in basic research. The identification of drug-target proteins, understanding of their molecular biology, and biochemical analysis using purified proteins are inevitable parts of the research aimed at protecting against bacterial infections in chemotherapy. In particular, the establishment of protein expression, purification, and functional analyses of target proteins is a high hurdle to conquer and tends to be put on the bottom of the “to-do list.” In this session, we will discuss the importance and challenges of biochemistry of target molecules for antibacterial drug development with biochemistry experts.

Speakers：Hiroki Ando (Gifu University・Astellas Pharma), Shoichi Mitsunaka (Gifu University), Shigeki Takeda (Gunma University), Kosuke Fujimoto (Osaka City University・The University of Tokyo), Tomohiro Mochizuki (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Mzia Kutateladze (Eliava institute)

Overview：
Phage research has been under the spotlight over a decade. This growing interest is due to the significant attention to the therapeutic use of phages and the innovative genome-editing tool based on CRISPR/Cas, a phage-resistant mechanism in bacteria. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria and are considered as the most abundant organisms on earth. There exists a wide range of research objects; it’s not only functional and structural analysis of phages themselves but also the interactions between phages, bacteria, and bacterial hosts (e.g., animal, plant, and human), application of phages for diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections, producing and screening of useful materials, and use as genetic tools. In this symposium, front runners in the field of phage research will invite you to the “Brave New World of Phage”. Let’s enjoy and discuss our age of phage.

Speakers：Yuki Kinjo (The Jikei University School of Medicine), Sohkichi Matsumoto (Niigata University), Taishi Onodera (National Institute of Infectious Diseases), Ryoma Nakao (National Institute of Infectious Diseases)

Overview：
Vaccines have been used for the prevention of various infectious diseases, but some vaccines may not be effective enough to prevent the onset or severity of the disease, and adverse reactions to vaccines are also an important issue. Therefore, new vaccine targets and adjuvants are desired. In this workshop, each speaker will introduce the current direction of vaccine research focusing on the bacteriological and immunological research that led to the development of vaccines. In particular, after the presentation on "Initial research objectives of the bacteriological and immunological research," the speakers will be asked to explain why they thought it could be applied to vaccines. We hope that this workshop will inspire participants to think about new directions in bacteriological and immunological research.

Speakers：Mitsuharu Matsumoto (Kyodo Milk Industry Co. Ltd.), Kaihei Ooki (Yakult Central Institute), Toshitaka Odamaki (Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd.), Mitsuo Sakamoto (RIKEN), Hideki Hara (Keio University), Yoshihiko Sakaguchi (Kitasato University School of Medicine)

Overview：
The microbiota has a symbiotic relationship with humans and is deeply involved in human health and diseases. Recent studies of the microbiota have provided important insights into bacteria, and the gut−brain interaction is attracting research attention worldwide. Various attempts have been made to isolate and identify the intestinal flora, and such studies have produced much data on 16S rRNA and the metagenomic analysis of feces. The recent trend toward cross-disciplinary research means that there is an increasing need for a coordinated approach to newly created areas of research and to foster young researchers through the fusion of different fields. To this end, this workshop addresses the “current research on the intestinal microflora”. Speakers have been selected from a range of fields using the keywords “intestinal microflora”. It is hoped that discussions between researchers across fields will lead to new discoveries and technological developments.

Speakers：Naoyoshi Nagata (Tokyo Medical University ), Hirokazu Toju (Kyoto University), Lena Takayasu (Tokyo University), Suguru Nishijima (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology )

Overview：
Together with advancement of next generation sequencing technologies, various types of microbiome research are reported increasingly. Although the most focused field is association of the gut microbiome with diseases, expansion of the sample types such as skin and saliva derived, in addition to samples from environments are beyond of our imagination. Microbiome researches are also linked drug discovery. Olympic and Paralympic planed in Tokyo may cause outbreak of antibiotic resistant bacteria by mass gathering, which are not usually found in Japan. Microbiome researches are not limited in human but also in animals in the view of one health. In this session, various aspects of microbiome research will be presented to provide new insights to the attendees.

Speakers：Torahiko Okubo(Fac. Health Science, Hokkaido Univ.,), Kenta Watanabe (Dept. Vet Med.,Yamaguchi Univ.), Miki Sekimoto (Dept. Life Sci. Med. Biosci., Grad. Sch. Adv. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ., ）, Yuya Sasajima (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka City Univ.,), Hana Kiyama( Grad. Sch. Sci.,Osaka City Univ.,), Daisuke Nakane (Dept. Eng. Sci.,Univ. of Electro-Communications), Koji Hosomi (National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health,and Nutrition), Koji Yahara（AMR Res. Ctr., NIID)

Speakers：Masaaki Nakayama (Okayama University), Akihiro Yoshida (Matsumoto Dental University), Miki Matuo-Kawada (Hiroshima University), Masae Kuboniwa (Osaka University), Shinji Fukuda (Keio University)

Overview：
Analysis for bacterial flora is now hot topic in bacteriological research. Especially, the tremendous progress of gut flora research proposes the relation between gut microflora and several diseases. Oral cavity is the first entrance of digestive tract and oral bacteria has been reported to be associated with systemic diseases. Recently, the relation of oral bacteria with gut flora is closed up. Based on oral-gut fused understanding, it has been demostrated that the existence of oral bacteria in gut flora affects the oneset or the severity of various diseases. That is, the relation of oral bacteria-gut flora-disease. To explain the relation with the disease, the analysis of bacterial flora is attractive tool, while, like the association of fimbiae type with the periodontal pathogenecity in P. gingivalis, the analysis for the characteristics of each bacterium is also important. In this symposium, the researcher for the analysis of cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathogenic bacteria and also the reseacher for bacterial flora analysis are jointed and discussed. This symposium promotes the trigger for the researcher to understand oral bacteria as comprehensive perspective.

Speakers：Keiji Nakamura (Dept. Bacteriol., Fac. Med. Sci., Kyushu Univ.,), Tatsuya Saeki1,2, (1bitBiome, Inc., 2Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda Univ., ）, Yasuhiro Gotoh (Dept. Bacteriol., Fact. Medical Sci., Kyushu Univ.,), Shinya Sugimoto (Dept.Bacteriol., Jikei Univ. Schol. Med., ), Masanobu Morita (Dept. Environ. Med. Mol. Toxicol., Tohoku Univ. Grad. Sch.Med.,), Kotaro Higashi (Dept. Oral Microbiol., Grad. Sch. Dent., Osaka Univ.,), Shinya Ebihara (Dept. Clinic. Lab. Med.Sci., Grad. Sch. Med.,Osaka Univ.), Chieko Hino (Dept. Bacteriol., Okayama Univ. Grad. Sch. Med. Dent. Pharm. Sci.)

Speakers：Yusuke Taki1,2 (1Div. Bacteriology, Sch. Med., Jichi Med. Univ., 2Dept. Gastroenterological Surg. Shizuoka Gereral Hosp.), Sho Amatsu1,2 (1Dept. Bacteriol., Sch. Med. Sci.,Kanazawa Univ., 2Dept. Forensic Med. Pathol., Sch. Med. Sci., Kanazawa Univ.), Miyako Hikichi (Dept. Microbiol.,Grad. Sch. Med., Kyoto Univ.), Yumi Kumagai（Dept. Host Defense Biochem. Res., Sch. Med., Juntendo Univ.,）, Risa Imamiya (Food Hyg. Health., Life Env., Kyoto Pref. Univ.,), Tomomi Kurane (Dept. Host defense, Grad. Sch. Med.,Univ. of the Ryukyus), Masataka Goto (Lab.Bact. Infect., Grad. Sch. Infect. Cont. Sci., Kitasato Univ.,), Takeshi Shimizu （Dept. Molecular Infectiology, Grad. Sch. Medicine, Chiba Univ., ）

Speakers：Koh NAKAYAMA (Asahikawa Medical University), Takeharu SAKAMOTO (Kanazawa University), Hiroyuki YAMAGUCHI (Hokkaido University), Tokuju OKANO (Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Sohkichi MATSUMOTO (Niigata University)

Overview：
Almost all multicellular organisms, including humans, cannot sustain life if they lose oxygen. On the other hand, the partial pressure of oxygen in the living body decreases toward the periphery. In addition, physiological environmental factors (gingival sulcus, colon lumen, etc.) and diseases (infectious diseases, cancer, etc.) affect the surrounding oxygen concentration. Since the identification of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in 1992, the understanding of the hypoxia-responsive mechanism in the cells has progressed. The hypoxic response in the cancer microenvironment and the ability of cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize are also important issue.The hypoxic environment in bacterial infection is also an environmental factor to be considered. Anaerobic bacteria that colonize the gingival sulcus or intestinal bacteria that colonize the lower gastrointestinal tract are also typical examples of infectious diseases in a hypoxic environment. The purpose of this WS is to deepen our understanding of cancers and infectious diseases associated with host responses in such a hypoxic environments.

Speakers：Nao Yamazaki (Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation), Mayu Okuda (Grad. Life Environ. Sci., Univ.Tsukuba), Yuki Takahara1,2, (1Dept. Oral Mol. Microbiol., Osaka Univ. Grad. Sch. Dent., 2Dept. Fixed Prothodont., Osaka Univ. Grad. Sch. Dent.,）, Mariko Hakamata1,2(1Dept. Bacteriol., Sch. Med., Niigata Univ., 2Dept. Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease., Sch. Med.,Niigata Univ.,), Masayuki Ono1,2 (1Dept. Oral Mol. Microbiol., OsakaUniv. Grad. Sch. Dent., 2Dept. Fixed Prothodont., Osaka Univ. Grad. Sch.Dent.,), Hirokazu Yano (Grad. Sch. Life Sciences, Tohoku Univ.,), Ken Kikuchi (Dept. Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical Univ.,), Makoto Kuroda (Pathogen Genomics Center, NIID)

Speakers：Akihito Nishiyama (Dept. Bacteriol., Sch.Med., Niigata Univ.,), Naoki Yamamoto (Dept. Life Sci. Med. Biosci., Grad.Sch. Adv. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.), Yurino Ohno (Dept. Life Sci. Med. Biosci., Grad. Sch. Adv. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.), Akiko Takaya1,2 (1Dep. Nat. Prod. Chem., Grad. Sch. Pharm. Sci., Chiba Univ., 2MMRC, Chiba Univ.,), Nao Hirata (Dept. Microbiol., Med., Fujita Health Univ.), Shiori Yamamoto (Div. Biomed. Food Res., Nath. Inst. Health Sci.), Keisuke Nakamura (Lab. Vet. Biochem., Dept.Vet. Med., Rakuno Gakuen Univ.,), Tomoya Suda (Dept. Gen. Med., Sch.Med., Kyorin Univ.,)

Overview：

Speakers：Tohru Minamino (Osaka University), Hiroyuki Terashima (Nagoya University), Tatsuro Nishikino (Osaka University), Marc Erhardt (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Susan Lea (University of Oxford)

Overview：
In the early 1970s, the first big bang, in which bacterial flagella were reported to be rotary motors, has leaded to deep understanding of not only flagella-drive motility, which is placed under control of a chemotaxis signal transduction network but also the flagellar assembly mechanism that is strictly coupled to flagellar gene transcription. Because the bacterial flagella are structurally and functionally similar to the virulence-associated type III secretion systems called the injectisome, they have attracted researchers from the view point of bacterial infections. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy image analysis generated the second big bang, in which the structures of flagellar type III transport core complex, the rotor ring complex and the stator complex have been revealed one after another, providing deep insights into the type III protein secretion and rotation mechanisms. In commemoration of this second big bang, we proposed this workshop to overview the frontline flagellar researches in the field of bacteriology. From the latest findings on flagellar motor mechanism and functions in bacterial infections, we will discuss at the atomic level.

Speakers：Naoto Keicho (The Research Institute of Tuberculosis/JATA), Astrid Lewin (Robert Koch Institutes), Mariko Hakamata (Niigata University), Anura Rambukkana (The University of Edinburgh), Taro Yamamoto (Nagasaki University)

Overview：
March 24 is designated as a World Tuberculosis Day because Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis on that day in 1882. It has been 138 years since the discovery of the pathogen, and it should have become a disease that can be controlled to a certain extent, but tuberculosis is still the most deadly infectious diseases and is ranked as one of the 10 leading causes of death in the world. Although the number of new cases of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae is less than 10 in Japan, prevalent areas still remain in the world, and the mystery of its bipolar pathology remains unsolved. In contrast, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease has become serious health threat and their prevalence exceeds that of tuberculosis in developed countries.

Speakers：Junpei Fujiki (Rakuno Gakuen University), Akito Kawai (Fujita Health University), Jun Ohshima (Osaka University), Tomoya Maeda (RIKEN), Yukihiro Hiramatsu (Osaka University), Jun Kurushima (Gunma University), Wataru Hayashi (Shinshu University), Airi Matsumoto (Tokushima University), Sayaka Shizukuishi (Yokohama City University), Naoki Koga (Osaka University), Ryo Nagasawa (Tsukuba University), Miki Matsue (Kanazawa University)

Overview：
The Wakate Colosseum for Bacteriology provides a forum for the presentation and discussion of microbiology. This meeting focuses on discussion and provides conferees with the opportunity to network informally during free times. In addition, the Wakate Colosseum is a unique meeting enabling young scientists such as graduate students and postdocs to share honest opinions. Therefore, the meeting does not only help the conferees improve themselves as scientists but also assists networking and even expanding the range of bacteriology in Japan. In this year, COVID-19 cancelled "The 14th Wakate Colosseum for Bacteriology in Nanki Shirahama". In this session, to compensate for the lack of the socializing, we would like to offer an opportunity to make presentation and discussion by the outstanding young scientists.